Luxembourg’s Statistics Portal has published the country’s demographic figures for 2024; as of 1 January 2024, Luxembourg had a population of 672,050, an increase of 11,241 compared to 2023 (+1.7%). 

This population increase is less than that of 2022 (increase of 2.4%), a year marked by the arrival of many of Ukrainian war refugees. At 1.7%, is one of the lowest population increases in the last decade (when the rate varied from 2.0 to 2.5%), with the exception of the COVID-19 years (growth rates in 2020 and 2021 of 1.4 and 1.7% respectively). Since 1981, Luxembourg's population has grown by 84.3%.

Following the slightly higher share of men migrating into the country since 2014, the share of men in the population is higher than that of women: respectively 50.3% compared to 49.7% (i.e. 4,498 more men than women).

The number of foreign nationals (i.e. those who do not have Luxembourgish nationality; those who do have dual nationality are considered Luxembourgish for the purposes of these statistics) has continually increased over time, going from 26.3% in 1981 to 47.3% in 2024. This share has nevertheless been slightly decreasing since 2018 (47.9%) following the impacts of the acquisitions of Luxembourg nationality since the 2009 Law on dual nationality. There are currently 354,372 Luxembourgish nationals in the country and 317,678 foreign nationals.

Age profile 

The age structure of the Luxembourg population has changed in recent decades. The number of young people aged 0-19 is decreasing, while people aged 40-64 and those aged 80 and over are increasing in relative numbers. The number of people of working age is explained by migrants who come to settle in Luxembourg for professional reasons. 

On 1 January 2024, the average age of the population was 40.6 years for women and 39.2 years for men. Foreign residents are significantly younger than Luxembourgers. The average age for Luxembourg women is 42.2 years compared to 38.7 years for foreign women. For Luxembourg men, the average age is 40.0 years compared to 38.4 years for foreigners. For 30 to 54 years old, the foreign population is over-represented (for example 60.1% of 40–44-year-olds are foreigners). There are more Luxembourgers than foreign nationals in the over 55 years group, and this trend continues with the foreign population decreasing and becoming very low at higher ages (31.2% of people of foreign nationality from 65 years old and only 20.0% from 90 years old).

Territorial Distribution 

With 207,650 inhabitants, the canton of Luxembourg is the most populated canton in Luxembourg. The City of Luxembourg alone has 134,697 inhabitants. Esch-sur-Alzette is the second most populated canton with 192,739 inhabitants, far ahead of the canton of Capellen with 54,352. The canton of Vianden is the least populated canton (5,680 people).

The foreign population in Luxembourg

As of 1 January 2024, 317,678 foreigners (i.e. those who do not have Luxembourgish nationality) live in the Grand Duchy, 12.4% of whom were born in Luxembourg. The Member States of the European Union (EU) alone represent 77.3% of the foreign population in Luxembourg (-1.1 percentage points compared to 2023). The United Kingdom represents 1.2% of the population. The diversification of immigration means that the share of people with non-EU-27 nationality is increasing. With 90,915 inhabitants, the Portuguese are the country's largest foreign community, followed by the French (49,234) and the Italians (25,116).

As of 1 January 2024, 580,152 people had a single nationality, 87,434 had two nationalities and 4,464 had at least three nationalities. Among those with multiple nationalities, 87.2% have Luxembourgish nationality with another foreign citizenship (76,243 people) and 95.6% have Luxembourgish nationality with at least two other foreign nationalities (4,267 individuals).

Births and Deaths

There were 6,320 live births reported in 2023 and 4,431 deaths. 51.9% of newborns have Luxembourg nationality, while 48.1% have a foreign nationality. After an increase in the number of deaths observed in 2020 (4,609 deaths) following the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic, the number of deaths was considerably lower in the following years: 4,489 in 2021, 4,449 in 2022 and 4,431 in 2023.

Acquisition of Luxembourg Nationality

During the year 2023, a total of 11,904 people obtained Luxembourg nationality. The increase in naturalisations since 2009 is due to the large increase in the acquisition of Luxembourg nationality by non-residents. In 2009, the share of non-residents among naturalised persons was 0.9%, while in 2023 more than half of the acquisitions were due to non-residents (51.0%). After the 5,831 Luxembourg residents, those from Brazil (4,264), the United States (907), France (371), Belgium (173) and Germany (60) were the most likely to obtain Luxembourg nationality.

Immigrations and Emigrations

There were 26,964 arrivals into Luxembourg in 2023 and 16,588 departures.

Luxembourgers Abroad

As of 1 January 2024, just over 137,000 people with Luxembourg nationality live outside the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg: 32,925 in France, 27,632 in Brazil, 27,212 in Belgium and 20,466 in Germany.